Syria’s government collapsed on Sunday, ending the Assad family’s 54-year reign. A swift rebel offensive overran government-controlled areas and reached the capital within 10 days, forcing President Bashar al-Assad into hiding.

From Reformist Hopes to Civil War

Bashar al-Assad rose to power in 2000 after the death of his father, Hafez al-Assad. Initially seen as a modernizing leader, Bashar’s early reforms sparked hope for political openness. However, the Arab Spring in 2011 triggered mass protests against his rule, which were met with violent crackdowns. This escalated into a brutal civil war that killed nearly 500,000 people and displaced millions.

For years, Assad retained power with backing from Russia and Iran. By 2023, the conflict had settled into frozen frontlines, with Assad controlling most of Syria. Regional powers even began normalizing relations, seemingly cementing his grip on power.

Yet, a surprise rebel offensive in late November rapidly toppled government forces. Distracted by other conflicts, Assad’s allies offered little resistance as opposition groups took the capital. His whereabouts remain unknown, and reports suggest he may have fled the country.

A New Era for Syria

The fall of Assad’s regime has left a leadership vacuum and heightened uncertainty about Syria’s future. While the Assad family’s autocratic rule has ended, the nation faces immense challenges in rebuilding and healing from years of division and devastation.