The Gutenberg Bible, one of the most significant artifacts in printing history, has arrived in Warsaw for a special exhibition at the Medieval Art Gallery. This rare edition, printed over 570 years ago by Johannes Gutenberg, is the only copy in Poland and remains a cornerstone of cultural heritage.
A Historic Relic with a Rich Journey
The Gutenberg Bible, currently owned by the Diocesan Museum in Pelplin, has a storied past. It was originally donated in 1502 by Bishop Nicolaus Crapitz to the Franciscan Reformed Convent in Lubawa. After the convent’s dissolution, the book was transferred to the Seminary Library in Pelplin, where it remained for centuries.
This particular edition is remarkably well-preserved, featuring both volumes with nearly all original pages intact. It remains bound in its 15th-century cover, offering valuable insight into early printing techniques. Scholars have even discovered new details about Gutenberg’s movable type process due to a minor flaw in the font used in the first volume.
“The concept of movable type revolutionized printing, allowing for the rapid production of books and spreading knowledge across Europe,” says exhibition curator Marcin Bogusz.
A Wartime Escape and Eventual Return
The Gutenberg Bible has withstood the test of time and conflict. During World War II, it was transported from Poland to protect it from destruction. In 1939, authorities moved the Bible through Warsaw, Paris, and Britain before securing it in a Canadian bank.
“It was stored alongside other priceless artifacts of Polish heritage, including Gallus Anonymus’ chronicle and royal regalia,” explains Bogusz.
After the war, the Bible was finally returned to Poland in 1959. It was displayed at the National Museum in Warsaw before being transferred back to its home in Pelplin.
Preservation Efforts for a Cultural Masterpiece
Maintaining the Gutenberg Bible in pristine condition requires meticulous conservation measures. The display case is bulletproof and climate-controlled, maintaining a stable temperature of 20-23°C and humidity levels between 45-55% to prevent deterioration.
“These conditions are crucial for preserving delicate 15th-century paper,” Bogusz notes.
To further protect the artifact, light exposure is strictly limited. The Bible is displayed for a maximum of 60 days per year under carefully controlled artificial lighting. These preservation efforts ensure that future generations can continue to appreciate this historical treasure.
Exploring Medieval Book Culture
The exhibition offers an immersive experience beyond the Bible itself. An interactive walking tour showcases the evolution of medieval book production and writing culture. Visitors can explore how books were depicted in sculptures and paintings, highlighting their significance in medieval society.
The Gutenberg Bible did more than revolutionize book production—it influenced visual art trends of the time. Renaissance artists, inspired by early printed images, began incorporating copperplate and woodcut engravings into their works.
“This widespread use of engravings by artists like Martin Schongauer and Albrecht Dürer illustrates the immense impact of printing on art,” says Bogusz.
To enhance the visitor experience, the Medieval Art Gallery has marked artifacts influenced by Gutenberg’s innovations with special symbols, guiding guests through the historical legacy of early printing.
A Rare Opportunity to Witness History
The return of the Gutenberg Bible to Warsaw offers a unique opportunity for historians, art enthusiasts, and the general public to witness a defining moment in cultural history. As one of the few remaining copies worldwide, its presence in Poland underscores the country’s rich literary and artistic heritage.
